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Protecting the Environment in Armed Conflict

Mise à jour: 19 Août 2026

Éco-humanitaire

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Armed conflicts too often lead to environmental degradation or destruction, with long-lasting effects that contribute to the increased vulnerability of the affected populations. While some rules of international law provide protection to the natural environment and seek to limit the damage caused by it, armed conflicts remains an important cause of environmental damage, leading to food and water insecurity, loss of livelihoods, and biodiversity loss.

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Environmental Impact of Armed Conflict

As humanity has always counted its war casualties in terms of dead and wounded soldiers and civilians, destroyed cities and livelihoods, the environment is often a hidden victim of war. Over the years, parties to armed conflicts have polluted water, torched crops, cut down forests, poisoned soils , and killed animals to gain military advantage. Environmental degradation and destruction from conflicts not only takes a toll on nature itself, but also exacerbates food and water insecurity and destroys livelihoods. Environmental damage thus threatens the well-being, health and survival of local populations, and this increases their vulnerability for years and even decades.

Furthermore, at least 40 percent of all internal conflicts over the last 60 years have been linked to the exploitation of natural resources, whether high-value resources such as timber, diamonds, gold and oil, or scarce resources such as fertile land and water. Conflicts involving natural resources have also been found to be twice as likely to relapse.

Find out more about the environmental consequences of armed conflict:

Environmental Protection in Armed Conflict

The importance of protecting the natural environment and its vital resources during and after armed conflicts is increasingly recognized in the global arena. The 1976 Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques (ENMOD) was negotiated at the Conference of the Disarmament Commission and adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1976. It entered into force on 5 October 1978. As of 2026, ENMOD has 48 signatories and 78 parties. The ENMOD review conference has last met in 1992

Recent efforts to enhance the legal framework in this field have been undertaken by the International Law Commission (ILC) – a UN body of legal experts on international law. The ILC proposed 27 draft principles for the Protection of the Environment in Relation to Armed Conflict (PERAC), including measures for prevention of environmental damage during conflicts and remediation in the aftermath. The United Nations General Assembly adopted them through resolution A/RES/77/104 in 2022:

Find out more about ongoing efforts to protect the environment in armed conflict:

International Day for Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in War and Armed Conflict

Celebrated each year on 6 November, the International Day for Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in War and Armed Conflict is the opportunity to reiterate the great importance to ensuring that action on the environment is part of conflict prevention, peacekeeping and peacebuilding strategies. Indeed, there can be no durable peace if the natural resources that sustain livelihoods and ecosystems are destroyed.

More about the international day

Environmental Peacebuilding

Existing at the intersection of peace, conflict, and the nature, environmental peacebuilding recognizes the different ways in which environmental management can support conflict prevention, reduction, resolution, and recovery (Ecosystem for Peace 2022).

Poor management of natural resources in the face of environmental crises can increase the risks of conflict. As such, it is important to ensure that action on the environment is part of conflict prevention, peacekeeping and peacebuilding strategies, as there can be no durable peace if the natural resources that sustain livelihoods and ecosystems are destroyed.

Find out more about how environmental action can contribute to peacebuilding:

UNEA Resolutions

UNEA-6 Resolution on Environmental Assistance and Recovery in Areas of Armed Conflict

At its sixth session, the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA-6) adopted resolution 6/12. « Environmental assistance and recovery in areas affected by armed conflict« . The resolution urges States to adhere to the rules of international law, including the Charter of the United Nations, human rights law and international humanitarian law, as applicable, in relation to the protection of the environment in areas affected by armed conflict; invites States to take note of the International Law Commission’s principles on protection of the environment in relation to armed conflicts, as applicable; and encourages States to consider how to increase the effectiveness of environmental assistance and recovery in areas affected by armed conflict.

UNEA-3 Resolution on Pollution mitigation and control in areas affected by armed conflict or terrorism

At its third session, the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA-3) adopted resolution 3/1 « Pollution mitigation and control in areas affected by armed conflict or terrorism« , which urges member States to take appropriate measures to minimize and control pollution in situations of armed conflict or terrorism, including through prevention and the preparation of national plans and strategies aimed at setting the priorities for environmental assessment and remediation projects, and to ensure that the data necessary for identifying health outcomes is collected and integrated into health registries and risk education programmes.

UNEA-2 Resolution on Protection of the Environment in Areas affected by Armed Conflict

UNEA Resolution 2/15 stresses the critical importance of protecting the environment at all times, especially during armed conflict, and of its restoration in the post-conflict period, including from the unintended collateral impacts of human displacement resulting from armed conflict.

UNEP/EA.6/Res.12 Environmental assistance and recovery in areas affected by armed conflict

Role of Geneva

Amnesty International

Amnesty International is a global movement campaigning for a world where human rights are enjoyed by all. Among its many streams of work, Amnesty works on the environmental consequences of conflict, localized violent environmental conflicts, and environmental disasters.

Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue

The Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (HD) works to prevent and resolve armed conflicts through dialogue, mediation and discreet diplomacy. Finding new entry points for mediation, HD addresses environment-related risks to people’s security and the depletion of natural resources that will only worsen in the years ahead. A 2023 report Linking Conservation and Peacemaking highlights why it is crucial for mediators to explore ways of connecting biodiversity conservation and peacemaking to ensure lasting peace.

Community of Practice on Environment, Climate, Conflict, and Peace (ECCP)

The Community of Practice on Environment, Climate, Conflict, and Peace (ECCP), currently co-hosted by the Environmental Peacebuilding Association (EnPAx) and the Centre on Conflict, Development, and Peacebuilding (CCDP) at the Geneva Graduate Institute, was created in 2020 by the Geneva Peacebuilding Platform (GPP) as part of their mandate to facilitate interaction on peacebuilding between different actors, institutions and sectors and to incubate collective initiatives.

DCAF – Geneva Center for Security Sector Governance

DCAF – Geneva Centre for Security Sector Governance is dedicated to making states and people safer through more effective and accountable security and justice. Since 2000, DCAF has worked to improve the governance of security sectors through inclusive and participatory reforms based on international norms and good practices. They have developed expertise in emerging security challenges related to climate change and other environmental challenges.

Geneva Centre for Security Policy (GCSP)

The GCSP is an international foundation with the mission to advance peace, security and international cooperation. Their work focuses on the complex inter-linkages amongst various human security challenges with a special focus on health and environmental security. As a centre of expertise, the GCSP offers various courses on environment and security.

Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD)

GICHD works towards reducing risk to commu­nities caused by explosive ordnance, with a focus on landmines, cluster munitions and ammunition stockpiles. As Landmines and other Explosive Remnants of War (ERW) make land and other natural resources inaccessible and cause overexploitation of those available, leading also to soil degradation, adversely affecting biodiversity through unplanned explosions or leaks of chemical substances into soil and water, GICHD has conducted research and facilitated the dialogue on environment issues to ensure the environment is considered and taken into account within the mine action community

Geneva Peacebuilding Platform

The Geneva Peacebuilding Platform is a knowledge hub that connects the critical mass of peacebuilding actors, resources, and expertise in Geneva and worldwide. The platform facilitates interaction on peacebuilding between different institutions and sectors, and advances new knowledge and understanding of issues and contexts related building peace. As part of its mandate on community management, the Geneva Peacebuilding Platform aims to strengthen networking and community building in different topics within the peacebuilding sector, including on the environment with the Geneva Dialogue on Environment, Climate, Conflict, and Peace (ECCP).  The ECCP Dialogue is now a rich network of 350 individuals across Geneva, Europe, and the world, released a White Paper on Environmental Peacebuilding, contributing to the Road to Geneva.

Geneva Water Hub

The Geneva Water Hub is a centre of excellence specialized in hydropolitics and hydrodiplomacy of the University of Geneva. Its goal is to better understand and prevent water-related tensions between competing uses, between public and private actors, and between political entities and countries.

Graduate Institute’s Centre on Conflict, Development and Peacebuilding (CCDP)

The CCDP is the Graduate Institute’s focal point for research in the areas of conflict analysis, peacebuilding and the complex relationships between security and development.  Their research themes include environment and natural resource management for sustainable peace and development.

Human Rights Watch

Human Rights Watch, headquartered in New York, with a strong presence in Geneva, investigates and reports on abuses happening in all corners of the world. Its environment program covers topics such as threats against environmental defenders and their communities, environmental health issues caused by exposure to toxic substances, human rights violations in the context of climate change, and other advocacy activities.

International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)

The ICRC is an independent, neutral organization ensuring humanitarian protection and assistance for victims of war and armed violence. As an essential part of protecting civilians and their livelihood, the ICRC is supporting the implementation of practical measures to protect the natural environment in times of conflict.

International Law Commission (ILC)

The International Law Commission is a UN expert body responsible for helping develop and codify international law, established by the General Assembly, in 1947, to undertake the mandate of the Assembly, under article 13 (1) (a) of the Charter of the United Nations to « initiate studies and make recommendations for the purpose of … encouraging the progressive development of international law and its codification ». The International Law Commission holds its annual session in Geneva, for a period of ten to twelve weeks . In 2013, the ILC included the protection of environment in relation to armed conflict in its programme of work and has since been working on clarifying the rules and obligations in this area. The commission has adopted the Draft principles on protection of the environment in relation to armed conflicts in 2022.

International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD)

The IISD is an independent think tank who aims to accelerate solutions for a stable climate, sustainable resources, and fair economies. One of their work areas is making connections between environmental issues and conflict, particularly how natural resource management and other environmental factors are linked to violent conflicts.

UNEP Disasters and Conflicts Branch

The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is working around the world to respond to natural disasters, industrial accidents, and human-induced crises. The Geneva-based Disasters and Conflicts Branch has responded to crisis situations in more than 40 countries since 1999, delivering high-quality environmental expertise to national governments and partners in the UN family. The Branch conducts field-based assessments, works to reduce the risk of disaster, and promotes environmental cooperation for peacebuilding, among other activities.

UNEP/OCHA Joint Environment Unit

The UNEP/OCHA Joint Environment Unit is a joint endeavour between UNEP and the UN Office of the Coordination for Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), which serves as the Unit’s host. The Unit coordinates international emergency response to acute environmental risks caused by conflicts, natural disasters and industrial accidents. The Unit has also developed the Nexus Environmental Assessment Tool (NEAT+) which has been specifically designed for humanitarian actors to quickly identify issues of environmental concern to make emergency and recovery interventions more sustainable.

UN Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA), Geneva Office

The Geneva Branch of the UNODA assists Member States in supporting their disarmament, arms control and non-proliferation efforts aimed at achieving the goal of general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control. The UNODA also tackles disarmament issues related to the environment, in line with the recognition by the UN General Assembly (UNGA) of the Observance of environmental norms in the drafting and implementation of agreements on disarmament and arms control as set out in UNGA resolution 50/70 adopted in 1995.

Zoï Environment Network

Zoï Environment Network is a non-profit organization that helps build sustainable societies through informed analysis, visual communication, design and action. The organisation contributes to regionally and globally recognized flagship assessments on the environment-security interface, through innovative analysis, participatory mapping and visualization.

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